======================RESISTORS====================== CHARACTERISTICS POPULAR FIXED RESISTORS* Resistor Resistance Tolerance PowerTemperatureTime TypeRangeRangeRangeCoefficientStability OhmsPercentWattsppmPC1000 hours) CompositionCarbon 1-lOOMEG +/-5 ->20 1/8-5 +/-iO0 ->1000 +/-5 ->1O% FilmCarbon lO-lOMEG +/-0.5 ->10 0.1-2 +/-100 ->200 +/-05 ->3% Film Metal 0.2-10 MEG +/-0.1 ->2 1/20-20 +/-20 ->200 +/-0.1 ->0.5% Film Cermet 10-2OMEG +/-1 ->5 01-3 +/-50 ->200 +/-0.5 ->2% Wirewound Power 0.1-1 MEG +/-2 ->10 5-1500 +/-20 ->450 +/-2 ->5% Precision 0.1-10 MEG +/-.001->1 0.4-2 +/-0.5 ->50 +/-0 ->0.5% metal film 1% to .001% 100->5ppm/C 0.1->.001%/yr .1uH and .5pf metal foil 1% to .001% 100->5ppm/C .01->.001%/yr .1uH and .5pf metal film 1% to .005% 5->.5ppm/C .01->.001%/yr .1uH and .5pf wire wound 0.1% to .001% 10->1ppm/C 0.1->0.01%/yr .1mH and 5pf polystyrene 5% to 0.05% -150ppm/C 0.1->0.01%/yr .02uH .02%DA telfon 20% to 1% -100ppm/C 0.1->0.01%/yr .02uH Mylar 20% to 1% +500ppm/C 1.0->0.01%/yr .02uH .2%DA ceranmic 20% to 5% +/-30ppm/C 0.1->0.01%/yr .002uH 2%DA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- STANDARD RESISTOR VALUES Type Code Rating Volts Volts Watts Max. Derate Metal RN55 1/10 200 160 Film RN6O 1/8 250 200 RN65 1/4 300 240 RN7O 1/2 350 280 Carbon RCO5 1/8 150 120 Film RC07 1/4 250 200 RC2O 1/2 350 280 RC32 1.0 500 400 RC42 2.0 500 400 ======================resistivity====================================== material: resistivity (ohm-cm) Metals copper: 2 x 10-6 good conductors aluminum: 3 x 10-6 iron: 10 x 10-6 Insulators glass: 107 -- 109 bad conductors diamond: 108 -- 109 rubber: 1011 -- 1013 fused quartz: 1014 -- 1016 Semiconductors graphite: 0.005 in between germanium: 0.1 -- 10 ------------------------------------------------------------- Si 1.00 to 1.46 Watts/cm*C GaAS 0.44 Cu 4.05 Gold 3.09 BeO 2.34 Kovar 0.2 Silver 4.14 saphire 0.25 Al2O3 0.188 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Wire Tables Temperature coefficient of resistance: The resistance of a conductor at temperature T in degrees Celsius is given by R = R_20*{1+alpha_20(T20)] where R_20 is the resistance at 20 degrees Celsius and alpha_20 is the temperature coefficient of resistance at 20 degrees Celsius. For copper, alpha_20 = 0.00393. Modulus of elasticity is 17 000000 lb/inch2. Coefficient of linear expansion is 0.0000094/degree Fahreaheit. Weights are based on a density of 8.89 grams/cm3 at 20 degrees Celsius (equivalent to 0.00302699 lb/circular mil/1000 feet). The resistances are maximum values for hard-drawn copper and are based on a resistivity of 10.674 ohms/circular-mu foot at 20 degrees Celsius (97.16 percent conductivity~ f or sizes 0.325 inch and larger, and 10.785 ohms/circular-mil foot at 20 degrees Celsius (96.16 percent conductivity) for sizes 0.324 inch and smaller. (Refer to Tables 3337.) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Fusing Currents of Wires The current i in amperes at which a wire will melt can be calculated from I = K*d^(3/2) fusing current I = a*d^3/2 I is fusing current, d is diameter of wire in inches a is a constant a = 10,244 for copper fusing current I = k*DT^B1*A^B2 I = Current in Amps, DT = change in temperature in oC., and A = cross sectional area in square mils. empirical_best fit I = .04*DT^.45A^.69 time for wire melt I = .188*A/t^.5 Eq. 4 A = cross sectional area in square mils. 1 oz. (1.35 mil thick) copper trace 20 Amps for 5 seconds. Area, Sq. Mils Time, Secs 10 0.7 20 1.0 50 1.6 100 2.3 200 3.3 500 5.2 1000 7.4 400sqMil time_s I_Amps .5 110 1 75 2 53 5 32 ----------------------COMPONENTS_FUSES---------------------- Fuze Ratings AGC1 R=.160 1.5Amps 400msec at 3.5v AGC3 R=.060 4Amps 2000msec at 1v AGC5 R=.024 ??Amps 6000msec at 1v High Voltage Fuses designed to melt when the current exceeds some limit if length short enough, an arc will form maintaining the circuit a fuse can be melted and vaporized so fast that an explosion occurs. used in Exploding Bridge Wire detonators to detonates high explosive. wires in free air: i = A * D^1.5 A is a constant depending on the metal and D is diameter of wire. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- FUSING CURRENTS IN AMPERES. AWG B & S Diam d Copper Alumin GermSilv Iron Tin Gauge Inches K=10244 K=7585 K=5230 K=3148 K=1642 40 0.0031 1.77 1.31 0.90 0.54 0.28 38 0.0039 2.50 1.85 1.27 0.77 0.40 36 0.0050 3.62 2.68 1.85 1.11 0.58 34 0.0063 5.12 3.79 2.61 1.57 0.82 32 0.0070 7.19 5.32 3.67 2.21 1.15 30 0.0100 10.2 7.58 5.23 3.15 1.64 28 0.0126 14.4 10.7 7.39 4.45 2.32 26 0.0159 20.5 15.2 10.5 6.31 3.29 24 0,0201 29.2 21.6 14.9 8.97 4.68 22 0,0253 41.2 30.5 21.0 12.7 6.61 20 0,0319 58.4 43.2 29.8 17.9 9.36 19 0 0359 69.7 51.6 35.5 21.4 11.2 18 0.0403 82.9 61.4 42.3 25.5 13.3 17 0.0452 98.4 72.9 50.2 30.2 15.8 16 0.6508 117 86.8 59.9 36.0 18.8 15 0.0571 140 103 71.4 43.0 22.4 14 0.0641 166 123 84.9 51.1 26.6 13 0.0719 197 146 101 60.7 31.7 12 0.0808 235 174 120 72.3 37.7 11 0.0907 280 207 143 86.0 44.9 10 0.1019 333 247 170 102 53.4 9 0.1144 396 293 202 122 63.5 8 0.1285 472 349 241 145 75.6 7 0.1443 561 416 287 173 90.0 6 0.1620 668 495 341 205 107AUDIO ------------------------------------------------------------- Gold in plastic 2mile 100% 5Amps 14% dc faile 5.5Amps 63% failure 6Amp (.5 to 3sec) 29% survival 8Amp 1mil gold 1-1.5Amp 3mil gold 100% 8amps ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- AMPACITY OF PCB TRACES 3 OZ plating yields a thickness of appx 4mils. Use the the following formula: l R = --------- l = trace length (Sigma) A Sigma = copper conductivity A = trace x-sectional area . Ohms per thousand feet = 10^(0.1 * Gauge Number - 1) where Gauge Number is American Wire Gauge. less than 1 percent error from 1 Gauge to 31 Gauge, and maximum error of 3 40 AWG is about 1 ohm per foot. ohms/1000ft = 0.1 * 2^(AWG/3) Wire resistance:003 40 AWG 1.046 ohms/foot, Copper PCB designated by weight of 1 square foot of copper of nominal thickness. Copper Thicknesses Weight (oz) Thickness (in) Weight (oz) Thickness (in) 1/8 0.00017 4 0.0056 1/4 0.00035 5 0.0070 1/2 0.0007 6 0.0084 1 0.0014 7 0.0098 2 0.0028 10 0.0140 3 0.0042 14 0.0196 fiberglass resin FR-4 most common material is a. Material r CTE LossTangent Cost ppm/C per sq. ft. FR-4 glass 4.1-4.8 +250 0.02-0.03 $2.5 GTEK 3.5-4.3 +250 0.012 $3.5 woven glass/ceramic 3.38 +40 0.0027 $9.50 PTFE/ceramic (Teflon) 2.94 0 0.0012 $100.00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Litz (Litzendraht) wire including a formula for the AC to DC resistance ratio. equation (8a): Rac/Rdc = H + k * (n*Ds/Do)^2 * G where H= resistance ratio of individual strand when isolated (plain Cu wire) G= constant taking into account proximity neighbor wires n= number of strands in cable (Litz cable) Ds= diameter of individual strand Do= diameter of cable k= constant depending on n (varies from 1.55 for n=3 to 2.0 for n=infinity) There are many versions of this equation depending on the geometry and wire spacing given in section 19. the values of the parameters are given in tables in section 18 Losses in Air-cored Coils at Radio Frequencies on pages 74 through 77 and in section 19 Calculation of Coper Loss in Coils on pages 77 through 83. Section 19 has some information on toroidal coils. Section 20 talks about Distributed Capacity of Coils with diagrams of different windings and the order of the turns. Starting with section 23-Coils with Magnetic Cores, is information on transformer design for power and audio frequencies. If you are working with Litz wire this is the place to get a lot of information. Have Fun, ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- AC to DC resistance ratio. equation Rac/Rdc = H + k * (n*Ds/Do)^2 * G where H= resistance ratio of individual strand when isolated (plain Cu wire) G= constant taking into account the proximity of neighboring wires n= number of strands in cable (Litz cable) Ds= diameter of individual strand Do= diameter of cable k= constant depending on n (varies from 1.55 for n=3 to 2.0 for n=infinity) ======================SKIN_EFFECT===================================== skin effect high frequencies as follows: With ro = radius of the round wire (meters) del = skin depth (meters) = 1/(pi*f*mu*sigma)^.5 f = frequency mu = material permeability (henrys/meter) (4*pi*10^-7 for good conductors) sigma = material conductivity (mhos/meter) (5.8*10^7 for copper, for example) Ro = 1/(pi*sigma*ro^2) (DC resistance) if ro/del < 2 (low frequencies) R/Ro = 1 + (1/48)*(ro/del)^4 (approx. 6 0.000000e +00rror at ro/del = 2) if ro/del > 2 (high frequencies) R/Ro = ro/(2*del) current | Iz/Io | = e^[-(ro-r)/del] where r is distance from center of to the edge, the current has decreased to e^(-2) of value at edge.) > piece of wire due to the skin effect at high frequencies. I have two For copper wire. divide 66 by the square root of the frequency in Hertz. That will give you the skin depth in milimeters. For 100 KHz, that works out to about 0.2 mm. Since wire is already smaller than skin depth, resistance will change little if at all. virtually all current exists within two skin depths. For a round copper wire, no plating, R=(1/(2a))*sqrt(rho*f*mu/pi) Ohms /meter length where a =radius of wire in meters rho= copper resistivity Ohm-meter = 1.74*10^-8 f =freq Hz mu=permeability of copper 4*pi*10^-7 Henries per meter R = 4.17*10^-6 *1/a * sqrt(f) for copper Condition: radius a >> skin depth ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Copper Wire AWG Feet/OhmOhms/100ftAmpacity* mm Meters/Ohm Ohms/100M 10 490.2 .204 30 2.588 149.5 .669 12 308.7 .324 20 2.053 94.1 1.06 14 193.8 .516 15 1.628 59.1 1.69 16 122.3 .818 10 1.291 37.3 2.68 18 76.8 1.30 5 1.024 23.4 4.27 20 48.1 2.08 3.3 0.812 14.7 6.82 22 30.3 3.30 2.1 0.644 9.24 10.8 24 19.1 5.24 1.3 0.511 5.82 17.2 26 12.0 8.32 0.8 0.405 3.66 27.3 28 7.55 13.2 0.5 0.321 2.30 43.4 These Ohms / Distance figures are for a round trip circuit. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- excess noise in resisters noise alpha*(I_dc^2)*(delta_freq/freq) carbon_comp 3uV/V metal_glaze 1uV/V carbon_film 0.15uV/V metal_oxide 0.03uV/V metal_film 0.015uV/V memory in caps dielectric absorbion DA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Capacitance for Resistors DALE Metal film 0.06pf ___________________ / \ \ ________/ \ \_______ ()_______) | |_______) \ / / \_/_________________/ Beyschlog carbon film 0.25pF ____ ____ / \ \_________/ `` \ ________/ \ \ \\ \\ \\ \_______ ()_______) | | || || || |_______) \ / /____//__// // / \_/__/ \_,,_/ ALLEN Bradley 1/4W carbon composite 0.3pF ____________________ / \ \\ \\ \\ _______/__ \ \\ \\ \\_______ ()_________) | || || ||_______) \ / // // // \__/__________//_//_// 3dBFreq_Ghz 1/( 2*PI()*C_pF*R_Kohms) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Resistor color codes Color 1. 2. 3. 4. --------------------------------------------------- Black | 0 | 0 | - | Brown | 1 | 1 | 0 | Red | 2 | 2 | 00 | Orange | 3 | 3 | 000 | Yellow | 4 | 4 | 0 000 | Green | 5 | 5 | 00 000 | Blue | 6 | 6 | 000 000 | Magenta | 7 | 7 | | Gray | 8 | 8 | | White | 9 | 9 | | Gold | | | x 0.1 | 5 % Silver | | | x 0.01 | 10 % --------------------------------------------------- gold or silver colot bar to right start reading the colors form left to right. 5 color bars Color 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. --------------------------------------------------- Black | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | Brown | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 % Red | 2 | 2 | 2 | 00 | 2 % Orange | 3 | 3 | 3 | 000 | Yellow | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 000 | Green | 5 | 5 | 5 | 00 000 | Blue | 6 | 6 | 6 | 000 000 | Magenta | 7 | 7 | 7 | | Gray | 8 | 8 | 8 | | White | 9 | 9 | 9 | | Gold | | | | x 0.1 | Silver | | | | x 0.01 | --------------------------------------------------- put accuracy color bar (brown or red) to right start reading from left to right. Reading surface mount resistors Surface mount resistor have three numbers: first two digits being multiplied by third. third digit represents how many zeros surface mount resistor with code 1-0-5 mean 1Mohm. same coding used in surface mount capacitors. Capacitor base number is pF or pico farads. eg a capacitor labeled 2-2-3 has the value of 22 000pF. Bad Boys Ravage Our Young Girls, But Violet Gives Willingly. Black, Brown, Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Violet, Gray, White 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0 Multipliers Color Multiplier Zeroes Silver 0,01 Gold 0,1 Black 1 Brown 10 0 Red 100 00 Orange 1 000 000 Yellow 10 000 0000 Green 100 000 00000 Blue 1 000 000 000000 Violet 10 000 000 0000000 Color codes for accuracy Silver 10% Gold 5% Brown 1% Red 2% Green 0,5% Blue 0,25% Violet 0,1% ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Conductivity electrical conductivity 376.676 1/mohm-cm 2.65e-6uohms-cm Gold = 2.24uohms-cm Al 376.67 1mil = 25.4um 1e6_um = 1e2_cm 1e0_um = 1e-4_cm 1mil = 25.4e-4_cm 1_cm = 394mils wire at lease 100mils long Gold 2.24uohms_cm AL 2.65uohms-cm A 2*PI*(.5mils)^2 = =1.57mil2 L = 1cm = 394mils R = rho*L/A = rho*394mils/1.57mils2 2.24uohms-cm*394(/1.57*25.4e-4cm) .221ohms/cm for Au .261ohms/cm for Al 1mils 25.4um = =2.54e-3cm 100mils = .254cm 66mohms Critical temperatures superconductors Critical temperatures given in Kelvins Material Element/Alloy Critical temperature(K) ====================================================== Aluminum -------- Element --------------- 1.20 Cadmium --------- Element --------------- 0.56 Lead ------------ Element --------------- 7.2 Mercury --------- Element --------------- 4.16 Niobium --------- Element --------------- 8.70 Thorium --------- Element --------------- 1.37 Tin ------------- Element --------------- 3.72 Titanium -------- Element --------------- 0.39 Uranium --------- ELement --------------- 1.0 Zinc ------------ Element --------------- 0.91 Niobium/Tin ------ Alloy ---------------- 18.1 Cupric sulphide - Compound -------------- 1.6 Note: all critical temperatures given at zero magnetic field Temperature coefficients of resistance Temperature coefficient (a) per degree C: Material Element/Alloy Temp. coefficient ===================================================== Nickel -------- Element --------------- 0.005866 Iron ---------- Element --------------- 0.005671 Molybdenum ---- Element --------------- 0.004579 Tungsten ------ Element --------------- 0.004403 Aluminum ------ Element --------------- 0.004308 Copper -------- Element --------------- 0.004041 Silver -------- Element --------------- 0.003819 Platinum ------ Element --------------- 0.003729 Gold ---------- Element --------------- 0.003715 Zinc ---------- Element --------------- 0.003847 Steel* --------- Alloy ---------------- 0.003 Nichrome ------- Alloy ---------------- 0.00017 Nichrome V ----- Alloy ---------------- 0.00013 Manganin ------- Alloy ------------ +/- 0.000015 Constantan ----- Alloy --------------- -0.000074 * = Steel alloy at 99.5 percent iron, 0.5 percent carbon Coefficients of specific resistance Specific resistance at 20o C: Material Element/Alloy (ohm-cmil/ft) (ohm-cm) ==================================================================== Nichrome ------- Alloy ---------------- 675 ------------- 112.2-6 Nichrome V ----- Alloy ---------------- 650 ------------- 108.1-6 Manganin ------- Alloy ---------------- 290 ------------- 48.21-6 Constantan ----- Alloy ---------------- 272.97 ---------- 45.38-6 Steel* --------- Alloy ---------------- 100 ------------- 16.62-6 Platinum ------ Element --------------- 63.16 ----------- 10.5-6 Iron ---------- Element --------------- 57.81 ----------- 9.61-6 Nickel -------- Element --------------- 41.69 ----------- 6.93-6 Zinc ---------- Element --------------- 35.49 ----------- 5.90-6 Molybdenum ---- Element --------------- 32.12 ----------- 5.34-6 Tungsten ------ Element --------------- 31.76 ----------- 5.28-6 Aluminum ------ Element --------------- 15.94 ----------- 2.650-6 Gold ---------- Element --------------- 13.32 ----------- 2.214-6 Copper -------- Element --------------- 10.09 ----------- 1.678-6 Silver -------- Element --------------- 9.546 ----------- 1.587- 6 * = Steel alloy at 99.5 percent iron, 0.5 percent carbon. Copper wire ampacity Ampacities of copper wire, in free air at 30o C: ======================================================== | INSULATION TYPE: | | RUW, T THW, THWN FEP, FEPB | | TW RUH THHN, XHHW | ======================================================== Size Current Rating Current Rating Current Rating AWG @ 60 degrees C @ 75 degrees C @ 90 degrees C ======================================================== 20 -------- *9 ----------------------------- *12.5 18 -------- *13 ------------------------------ 18 16 -------- *18 ------------------------------ 24 14 --------- 25 ------------- 30 ------------- 35 12 --------- 30 ------------- 35 ------------- 40 10 --------- 40 ------------- 50 ------------- 55 8 ---------- 60 ------------- 70 ------------- 80 6 ---------- 80 ------------- 95 ------------ 105 4 --------- 105 ------------ 125 ------------ 140 2 --------- 140 ------------ 170 ------------ 190 1 --------- 165 ------------ 195 ------------ 220 1/0 ------- 195 ------------ 230 ------------ 260 2/0 ------- 225 ------------ 265 ------------ 300 3/0 ------- 260 ------------ 310 ------------ 350 4/0 ------- 300 ------------ 360 ------------ 405 * = estimated values; normally, wire gages this small are not manufactured with these insulation types. ======================================================== Current Rating Size Current Rating Current Rating Current Rating AWG @ 60 degrees C @ 75 degrees C @ 90 degrees C ======================================================== 20 -------- *9 ----------------------------- *12.5 18 -------- *13 ------------------------------ 18 16 -------- *18 ------------------------------ 24 14 --------- 25 ------------- 30 ------------- 35 12 --------- 30 ------------- 35 ------------- 40 10 --------- 40 ------------- 50 ------------- 55 8 ---------- 60 ------------- 70 ------------- 80 6 ---------- 80 ------------- 95 ------------ 105 4 --------- 105 ------------ 125 ------------ 140 2 --------- 140 ------------ 170 ------------ 190 1 --------- 165 ------------ 195 ------------ 220 1/0 ------- 195 ------------ 230 ------------ 260 2/0 ------- 225 ------------ 265 ------------ 300 3/0 ------- 260 ------------ 310 ------------ 350 4/0 ------- 300 ------------ 360 ------------ 405 * = estimated values; normally, wire gages this small are not manufactured with these insulation types. Copper wire gage Solld copper wire table: Size Diameter Cross-sectional area Weight AWG inches cir. mils sq. inches lb/1000 ft ================================================================ 4/0 -------- 0.4600 ------- 211,600 ------ 0.1662 ------ 640.5 3/0 -------- 0.4096 ------- 167,800 ------ 0.1318 ------ 507.9 2/0 -------- 0.3648 ------- 133,100 ------ 0.1045 ------ 402.8 1/0 -------- 0.3249 ------- 105,500 ----- 0.08289 ------ 319.5 1 ---------- 0.2893 ------- 83,690 ------ 0.06573 ------ 253.5 2 ---------- 0.2576 ------- 66,370 ------ 0.05213 ------ 200.9 3 ---------- 0.2294 ------- 52,630 ------ 0.04134 ------ 159.3 4 ---------- 0.2043 ------- 41,740 ------ 0.03278 ------ 126.4 5 ---------- 0.1819 ------- 33,100 ------ 0.02600 ------ 100.2 6 ---------- 0.1620 ------- 26,250 ------ 0.02062 ------ 79.46 7 ---------- 0.1443 ------- 20,820 ------ 0.01635 ------ 63.02 8 ---------- 0.1285 ------- 16,510 ------ 0.01297 ------ 49.97 9 ---------- 0.1144 ------- 13,090 ------ 0.01028 ------ 39.63 10 --------- 0.1019 ------- 10,380 ------ 0.008155 ----- 31.43 11 --------- 0.09074 ------- 8,234 ------ 0.006467 ----- 24.92 12 --------- 0.08081 ------- 6,530 ------ 0.005129 ----- 19.77 13 --------- 0.07196 ------- 5,178 ------ 0.004067 ----- 15.68 14 --------- 0.06408 ------- 4,107 ------ 0.003225 ----- 12.43 15 --------- 0.05707 ------- 3,257 ------ 0.002558 ----- 9.858 16 --------- 0.05082 ------- 2,583 ------ 0.002028 ----- 7.818 17 --------- 0.04526 ------- 2,048 ------ 0.001609 ----- 6.200 18 --------- 0.04030 ------- 1,624 ------ 0.001276 ----- 4.917 19 --------- 0.03589 ------- 1,288 ------ 0.001012 ----- 3.899 20 --------- 0.03196 ------- 1,022 ----- 0.0008023 ----- 3.092 21 --------- 0.02846 ------- 810.1 ----- 0.0006363 ----- 2.452 22 --------- 0.02535 ------- 642.5 ----- 0.0005046 ----- 1.945 23 --------- 0.02257 ------- 509.5 ----- 0.0004001 ----- 1.542 24 --------- 0.02010 ------- 404.0 ----- 0.0003173 ----- 1.233 25 --------- 0.01790 ------- 320.4 ----- 0.0002517 ----- 0.9699 26 --------- 0.01594 ------- 254.1 ----- 0.0001996 ----- 0.7692 27 --------- 0.01420 ------- 201.5 ----- 0.0001583 ----- 0.6100 28 --------- 0.01264 ------- 159.8 ----- 0.0001255 ----- 0.4837 29 --------- 0.01126 ------- 126.7 ----- 0.00009954 ---- 0.3836 30 --------- 0.01003 ------- 100.5 ----- 0.00007894 ---- 0.3042 31 -------- 0.008928 ------- 79.70 ----- 0.00006260 ---- 0.2413 32 -------- 0.007950 ------- 63.21 ----- 0.00004964 ---- 0.1913 33 -------- 0.007080 ------- 50.13 ----- 0.00003937 ---- 0.1517 34 -------- 0.006305 ------- 39.75 ----- 0.00003122 ---- 0.1203 35 -------- 0.005615 ------- 31.52 ----- 0.00002476 --- 0.09542 36 -------- 0.005000 ------- 25.00 ----- 0.00001963 --- 0.07567 37 -------- 0.004453 ------- 19.83 ----- 0.00001557 --- 0.06001 38 -------- 0.003965 ------- 15.72 ----- 0.00001235 --- 0.04759 39 -------- 0.003531 ------- 12.47 ---- 0.000009793 --- 0.03774 40 -------- 0.003145 ------- 9.888 ---- 0.000007766 --- 0.02993 41 -------- 0.002800 ------- 7.842 ---- 0.000006159 --- 0.02374 42 -------- 0.002494 ------- 6.219 ---- 0.000004884 --- 0.01882 43 -------- 0.002221 ------- 4.932 ---- 0.000003873 --- 0.01493 44 -------- 0.001978 ------- 3.911 ---- 0.000003072 --- 0.01184 Coefficients specific resistance Specific resistance at 20o C: Material Element/Alloy (ohm-cmil/ft) (ohm-cm) ==================================================================== Nichrome ------- Alloy ---------------- 675 ------------- 112.2-6 Nichrome V ----- Alloy ---------------- 650 ------------- 108.1-6 Manganin ------- Alloy ---------------- 290 ------------- 48.21-6 Constantan ----- Alloy ---------------- 272.97 ---------- 45.38-6 Steel* --------- Alloy ---------------- 100 ------------- 16.62-6 Platinum ------ Element --------------- 63.16 ----------- 10.5-6 Iron ---------- Element --------------- 57.81 ----------- 9.61-6 Nickel -------- Element --------------- 41.69 ----------- 6.93-6 Zinc ---------- Element --------------- 35.49 ----------- 5.90-6 Molybdenum ---- Element --------------- 32.12 ----------- 5.34-6 Tungsten ------ Element --------------- 31.76 ----------- 5.28-6 Aluminum ------ Element --------------- 15.94 ----------- 2.650-6 Gold ---------- Element --------------- 13.32 ----------- 2.214-6 Copper -------- Element --------------- 10.09 ----------- 1.678-6 Silver -------- Element --------------- 9.546 ----------- 1.587- 6 * = Steel alloy at 99.5 percent iron, 0.5 percent carbon. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Resist Temp Temperature Material state uohm-cm C Coefficient Alumel sol 33.30 0 0.0012 Aluminum liq 20.50 670 sol 2.62 20 0.0039 Antimony liq 123 800 sol 39.20 20 0.0036 Arsenic sol 35 0 0.0042 Beryllium sol 4.57 20 Bismuth liq 128.90 300 sol 115 20 0.004 Boron sol 1.8/1012 0 Brass sol 3.90 20 0.002 66Cu,34Zn Cadmium liq 34 400 sol 7.50 20 0.0038 Carbon dia 5x10+20 15 gra 1400 20 -0.0005 Cerium sol 78 20 Cesium liq 36.60 30 sol 20 20 sol 18.83 0 Chromax sol 100 20 0.00031 15Cr,35Ni,Fe Chromel sol 70-110 0 0.00011 0.000054 Chromium sol 2.60 0 Cobalt sol 9.70 20 0.0033 Constantan sol 44.20 20 0.0002 55Cu,45Ni Copper liq 21.30 1083 commercial annealed sol 1.7241 20 0.0039 Gallium liq 27 30 sol 53 0 Germanium sol 45 20 German silver sol 33 20 0.0004 18%Ni Gold liq 30.80 1063 sol 2.44 20 0.0034 sol 2.19 0 Hafnium sol 32.10 20 Indium liq 29 157 sol 9 20 0.00498 Iridium sol 5.30 20 0.0039 Iron sol 9.71 20 0.0052-0.0062 Kovar A 4585 20 29Ni,17Co,0.3Mn,Fe Lead liq 98 400 sol 21.90 20 0.004 Lithium liq 45 230 0.003 sol 9.30 20 0.005 Magnesium 4.46 20 0.004 Manganese 5 20 Manganin 44 20 0.0002 84Cu,12Mn,4Ni Mercury liq 95.80 20 0.00089 sol 21.30 -50 Molybdenum 5.17 0 4.77 20 0.0033 MnO2 6000000 20 Monel metal sol 42 20 0.002 67Ni,30Cu,1.4Fe,1Mn Neodymium sol 79 18 Niebrome sol 100 20 0.00017 65Ni,12Cr,23Fe Nickel sol 6.90 20 0.0047 Nickel-silver sol 28 20 0.00026 64Cu,18Zn,18Ni Niobium 12.40 20 Osmium 9 20 0.0042 Palladium 10.80 20 0.0033 Phosphor bronze 9.40 20 0.003 4Sn,0.5F,Cu Platinum 10.50 20 0.003 Plutonium 150 20 Potassium liq 13 62 sol 7 20 0.006 Praseodymium 68 25 Rhenium 19.80 20 Rhodium 5.10 20 0.0046 Rubidium 12.50 20 Ruthenium 10 20 Selenium sol 1.20 20 Silicon 85x10+2 20 Silver 1.62 20 Sodium liq 9.70 100 sol 4.60 20 Steel 13-22 20 0.003 0.4-0.5C, Fe Steel, manganese 70 20 13Mn,1C,86Fe Steel, stainless 90 20 0.1C,18Cr,8Ni,Fe Strontium 23 20 Sulfur 2x10+23 20 Tantalum 13.10 20 0.003 Thallium 18.10 20 0.004 Thorium 18 20 0.0021 Tin 11.40 20 0.0042 Titanium 47.80 25 Tungsten 5.48 20 0.0045 Tophet A (80 Ni, 20 108 20 0.00014 Uranium 29 0 0.0021 W205 450 20 W03 2x10+11 20 Zinc li 35.30 420 so 6 20 0.0037 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- INSULATING MATERIALS permittivity of an insulating material e = e_0 +(P/E) e os=permittivity of free space, P=flux den- sity from dipoles within dielectric medium E=electric-field intensity,Picoelectric susceptibility. Resistivity (ohm-cm) Granite e7-e9 Igneous Rocks Lava flow (basic e6-e7 Lava, fresh 3e5-e6 Quartz vein, massive >e6 Metamorphic Rocks Marble, white e10 Marble 4e8 Marble, yellow e10 Schist, mica e7 Shale, nonesuch e4 Shale, bed e5 Limestone e5 Sedimentary Rocks Limestone, Cambrian e4-e5 Sandstone, eastern 3e3-e4 Sandstone e5 Clay, blue 2e4 Unconsolidated Materials Clayey earth e4-4e4 Clay, fire 2e5 Gravel e5 Sand, dry e5 Sand, moist e5~e6 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUPERcoNDUcTIVITY Critical Material Temperature NbC 0.10 TaC 9.20 Pb-As-Bi 9.00 PbBiSb 8.90 Pb-Sn-Bi 8.50 Pb-As 8.40 Niobium 8.00 MoC 7.70 Lead 7.22 N2Pb1 7.20 Bi6Tls 6.50 Bismuth 6.00 Sb2Tl 5.50 Vanadium 5.10 Tantalum 4.40 Lanthanum 4.37 TaSi 4.20 Mercury 4.152 PbS 4.10 Hg5TI7 3.80 Tin 3.73 Indium 3.37 ZrB 2.82 WC 2.80 Mo2C 2.40 Thallium 2.38 W2C 2.05 Au2Bi 1.84 CuS 1.60 TiN 1.40 Thorium 1.39 VN 1.30 Aluminum 1.20 Gallium 1.10 TiC 1.10 Rhenium 1.00 Zinc 0.91 Uranium 0.80 Osmium 0.71 Zirconium 0.70 Cadmium 0.56 Ruthenium 0.47 Titanium 0.40 Hafnium 0.35 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Gram Elec 1st At Num Atomic Rad Vol Enegat ion Elect Work Funct Sym Z Z+N Weight Ang cm3 Rel ev) ThermPhotoContact Actinium Ac 89 227 227. 1.10 . . Aluminum Al 13 27 26.98 1.25 10 1.50 5.96 . 4.08 3.38 Americium Am 95 243 . . . Antimony Sb 51 121 121.76 1.41 18 1.90 8.50 . 4.10 4.14 Argon Ar 18 40 39.948 24 0 15.68 . Arsenic As 33 75 74.92 1.21 16 2.00 10.50 . 5.11 Astatine At 85 210 . 2.20 . . . . Barium Ba 56 138 137.34 1.98 38 0.90 5.19 2.11 2.48 1.73 Berkelium Bk 97 249 . . . . . Beryllium Be 4 9 9.012 0.89 5 1.50 9.28 3.92 3.10 Bismuth Bi 83 209 208.98 1.52 21 1.90 8.00 4.25 4.17 Boron B 5 11 . 0.8 5 2.00 8.257 4.50 Bromine Br 35 79 79.91 1.14 23 2.80 11.80 Cadmium Cd 48 114 112.40 1.41 13 1.70 8.96 4.07 4.00 Calcium Ca 20 40 40.08 1.74 26 1.00 6.09 2.24 2.70 3.33 Californium Cf 98 251 . . 2.50 . Carbon C 6 12 12.011 0.77 5 1.10 11.217 4.34 4.81 Cerium Ce 58 140 140.12 1.65 21 0.70 6.54 2.60 2.84 Cesium Cs 55 133 132.905 2.35 71 3.00 3.87 1.81 1.92 Chlorine Cl 17 35 35.453 0.99 19 12.95 Chromium Cr 24 52 51.996 1.17 7 1.60 6.74 4.60 4.37 4.38 Cobalt Co 27 59 58.93 1.16 7 1.80 7.81 4.40 4.20 4.21 Copper Cu 29 63 63.54 1.17 7 1.90 7.68 4.26 4.18 4.46 Curium Cm 96 247 . . Dysprosium Dy 66 162 162.50 1.59 19 1.20 6.80 Einstein him Es 99 254 254 . . Erbium Er 68 168 167.26 1.57 18 1.20 . Europium Eu 63 152 151.96 1.85 29 1.10 5.64 Fermium Fm 100 253 253. . . Fluorine F 9 19 18.998 0.72 15 4. 17.34 Francium Fr 87 223 223 0.70 . . Gadolinium Gd 64 160 157.25 1.61 20 1.10 6.70 Gallium Ga 31 70 69.72 1.25 12 1.60 5.97 4.12 3.80 Germanium Ge 32 72 72.59 1.22 13 1.80 8.09 4.50 4.50 Gold Au 79 197 196.967 1.34 10 2.40 9.18 4.32 4.82 4.46 Hafnium Hf 72 180 178.49 1.44 13 1.30 . Helium He 2 4 4.003 . 32 0. 24.46 3.53 Holmium Ho 67 165 164.93 1.58 19 1.20 . Hydrogen H 1 1 1.008 0.37 13 2.10 13.527 Indium In 49 115 114.82 1.50 16 1.70 5.76 Iodine I 53 127 126.904 1.33 26 2.50 10.60 6.80 Iridium hr 77 193 192.20 1.26 9 2.20 . 5.30 4.57 Iron Fe 26 56 55.847 1.17 7 1.80 7.83 4.25 4.33 4.40 Krypton Kr 36 84 83.80 . 33 0. 13.93 Lanthanum La 57 139 138.91 1.69 22 1.10 5.60 3.30 Lead Pb 82 208 207.21 1.54 18 1.80 7.38 4.05 3.94 Lithium Li 3 7 6.940 1.23 13 1.00 5.363 2.35 2.49 Lutetium Lu 71 175 174.99 1.56 18 1.20 . Magnesium Mg 12 24 24.32 1.36 14 1.20 7.61 3.68 3.63 Manganese Mn 25 55 54.94 1.17 7 1.50 7.41 3.83 3.76 4.14 Mendeleviu Md 101 256 256. . . Mercury Hg 80 200 200.59 1.44 14 1.90 10.39 4.53 4.50 Molybdenum Mo 42 98 95.94 1.29 9 1.80 7.35 4.20 4.25 4.28 Neodymium Nd 60 142 144.24 1.64 21 1.10 6.3 3.30 Neon Ne 10 20 20.183 . 17 0. 21.47 Neptunium Np 93 237 237. . . . Nickel Ni 28 58 58.71 1.15 6 1.80 7.61 5.03 5.01 4.963 Niobium Nb 41 93 92.91 1.34 11 . 1.60 . Nitrogen N 7 14 14.007 0.74 14 3.00 14.48 Osmium Os 76 192 190.20 1.26 9 2.20 8.70 4.55 Oxygen O 8 16 16.00 0.74 11 3.50 13.55 Palladium Pd 46 108 106.40 1.28 9 2.20 8.30 4.99 4.97 4.49 Phosphorus P 15 31 30.974 1.10 17 2.10 10.90 Platinum Pt 78 195 195.09 1.29 9 2.20 8.88 5.32 5.22 5.36 Plutonium Pu 94 242 242. . . . Polonium Po 84 209 210. 1.53 2.00 . Potassium K 19 39 39.102 2.03 46 0.80 4.318 2.24 1.60 Praseodymium Pr 59 141 140.90 1.65 21 1.10 5.80 2.70 Promethium Pm 61 145 145. . 1.10 . Protactinium Pa 91 231 231. . 1.10 . Radium Ra 88 226 226.05 . 45 0.90 5.252 Radon Rn 86 222 222. . 50 0. 10.698 Rhenium Re 75 187 186.20 1.28 9 1.90 . 5.10 5.00 Rhodium Rh 45 103 102.90 1.25 8 2.20 7.7 4.57 4.80 4.52 Rubidium Rb 37 85 85.47 2.16 56 0.80 4.159 2.09 Ruthenium Ru 44 102 101.07 1.24 8 2.20 7.70 4.52 Samarium Sm 62 152 150.35 1.66 20 1.10 6.60 3.20 Scandium Sc 21 45 44.956 1.44 15 1.30 6.70 Selenium Se 34 79 78.96 1.17 16 2.40 9.70 4.80 4.42 Silicon Si 14 28 28.086 1.17 12 1.80 8.12 3.59 4.52 4.20 Silver Ag 47 107 107.87 1.34 10 1.90 7.542 3.56 4.73 4.44 Sodium Na 11 23 22.99 1.57 24 0.90 5.12 2.28 1.90 Strontium Sr 38 88 87.62 1.91 34 1.00 5.667 2.74 Sulfur S 16 32 32.064 1.04 16 2.50 10.30 Tantalum Ta 73 181 180.95 1.34 11 1.50 . 4.19 4.14 4.10 Technetium Tc 43 99 99. 1.90 . Tellurium Te 52 130 127.60 1.37 21 2.10 8.96 4.76 4.70 Terbium Tb 65 159 158.92 1.59 19 1.20 6.70 Thallitun TI 81 205 204.37 1.55 17 1.80 6.07 3.68 3.84 Thorium Th 90 232 232.03 1.65 20 1.10 . Thulium Tm 69 169 168.93 1.56 18 1.20 . Tin Sn 50 119 118.69 1.41 16 1.80 7.30 4.38 4.09 Titanium Ti 22 48 47.90 1.32 11 1.50 6.81 3.95 4.06 4.14 Tungsten W 74 184 183.85 1.30 10 1.70 8.10 4.52 4.49 4.38 Uranium U 92 238 238.03 1.42 13 1.10 . 3.27 3.63 4.32 Vanadium V 23 51 50.94 1.22 8 1.60 6.71 4.12 3.77 4.44 Xenon Xe 54 132 131.30 . 43 0. 12.08 Ytterbium Yb 70 174 173.04 1.70 25 1.20 7.10 Yttrium Y 39 88 88.905 1.62 21 1.20 6.50 Zinc Zn 30 64 65.37 1.25 9 1.60 9.36 3.73 3.78 Zirconium Zr 40 94 91.22 1.45 14 1.40 6.92 4.21 3.82 3.60 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Elec Potent At Num Atomic Elect Work Funct Amp-hours Sym Z Z+N Weight ThermPhotoContact Valen per Gram Actinium Ac 89 227 227. . 3 0.35 Aluminum Al 13 27 26.98 . 4.08 3.38 3 2.98 Americium Am 95 243 . . . Antimony Sb 51 121 121.76 . 4.10 4.14 5 1.10 Argon Ar 18 40 39.948 . n 0.67 Arsenic As 33 75 74.92 . 5.11 5 1.79 Astatine At 85 210 . . . . . Barium Ba 56 138 137.34 2.11 2.48 1.73 2 0.39 Berkelium Bk 97 249 . . . . Beryllium Be 4 9 9.012 3.92 3.10 2 5.94 Bismuth Bi 83 209 208.98 4.25 4.17 5 0.64 Boron B 5 11 . 7 4.50 3 7.43 Bromine Br 35 79 79.91 1 0.335 Cadmium Cd 48 114 112.40 4.07 4.00 2 0.477 Calcium Ca 20 40 40.08 2.24 2.70 3.33 2 1.337 Californium Cf 98 251 . . Carbon C 6 12 12.011 7 4.34 4.81 4 8.93 Cerium Ce 58 140 140.12 2.60 2.84 3 0.574 Cesium Cs 55 133 132.905 1.81 1.92 1 0.20 Chlorine Cl 17 35 35.453 1 0.756 Chromium Cr 24 52 51.996 4.60 4.37 4.38 3 1.546 Cobalt Co 27 59 58.93 4.40 4.20 4.21 2 0.91 Copper Cu 29 63 63.54 4.26 4.18 4.46 2 0.84 Curium Cm 96 247 . . Dysprosium Dy 66 162 162.50 3 0.495 Einstein him Es 99 254 254 . Erbium Er 68 168 167.26 3 0.48 Europium Eu 63 152 151.96 3 0.53 Fermium Fm 100 253 253. . Fluorine F 9 19 18.998 1 1.41 Francium Fr 87 223 223 . Gadolinium Gd 64 160 157.25 3 0.513 Gallium Ga 31 70 69.72 4.12 3.80 3 1.15 Germanium Ge 32 72 72.59 4.50 4.50 4 1.48 Gold Au 79 197 196.967 4.32 4.82 4.46 3 0.41 Hafnium Hf 72 180 178.49 4 0.600 Helium He 2 4 4.003 3.53 n 6.698 Holmium Ho 67 165 164.93 3 0.488 Hydrogen H 1 1 1.008 7 1 26.59 Indium In 49 115 114.82 3 0.700 Iodine I 53 127 126.904 6.80 1 0.211 Iridium hr 77 193 192.20 5.30 4.57 4 0.555 Iron Fe 26 56 55.847 4.25 4.33 4.40 3 1.440 Krypton Kr 36 84 83.80 n 0.32 Lanthanum La 57 139 138.91 3.30 3 0.579 Lead Pb 82 208 207.21 4.05 3.94 4 0.517 Lithium Li 3 7 6.940 3 2.35 2.49 1 3.862 Lutetium Lu 71 175 174.99 3 0.46 Magnesium Mg 12 24 24.32 3.68 3.63 2 2.204 Manganese Mn 25 55 54.94 3.83 3.76 4.14 4 1.952 Mendeleviu Md 101 256 256. . Mercury Hg 80 200 200.59 4.53 4.50 2 0.267 Molybdenum Mo 42 98 95.94 4.20 4.25 4.28 6 1.67 Neodymium Nd 60 142 144.24 3.30 3 0.557 Neon Ne 10 20 20.183 n 1.33 Neptunium Np 93 237 237. . Nickel Ni 28 58 58.71 5.03 5.01 4.96 2 0.913 Niobium Nb 41 93 92.91 . . Nitrogen N 7 14 14.007 5 9.57 Osmium Os 76 192 190.20 4.55 4 0.56 Oxygen O 8 16 16.00 2 3.35 Palladium Pd 46 108 106.40 4.99 4.97 4.49 4 1.005 Phosphorus P 15 31 30.974 5 4.33 Platinum Pt 78 195 195.09 5.32 5.22 5.36 4 0.549 Plutonium Pu 94 242 242. . Polonium Po 84 209 210. 6 0.766 Potassium K 19 39 39.102 8 2.24 1.60 1 0.685 Praseodymium Pr 59 141 140.90 2.70 3 0.571 Promethium Pm 61 145 145. . Protactinium Pa 91 231 231. 5 0.580 Radium Ra 88 226 226.05 2 2 0.237 Radon Rn 86 222 222. 8 n 0.121 Rhenium Re 75 187 186.20 5.10 5.00 7 1.007 Rhodium Rh 45 103 102.90 4.57 4.80 4.52 4 1.042 Rubidium Rb 37 85 85.47 9 2.09 1 0.314 Ruthenium Ru 44 102 101.07 4.52 4 1.054 Samarium Sm 62 152 150.35 3.20 3 0.535 Scandium Sc 21 45 44.956 3 1.783 Selenium Se 34 79 78.96 4.80 4.42 6 2.037 Silicon Si 14 28 28.086 3.59 4.52 4.20 4 3.821 Silver Ag 47 107 107.87 2 3.56 4.73 4.44 1 0.248 Sodium Na 11 23 22.99 2.28 1.90 1 1.166 Strontium Sr 38 88 87.62 7 2.74 2 0.612 Sulfur S 16 32 32.064 6 5.01 Tantalum Ta 73 181 180.95 4.19 4.14 4.10 5 0.741 Technetium Tc 43 99 99. . Tellurium Te 52 130 127.60 4.76 4.70 6 1.260 Terbium Tb 65 159 158.92 3 0.505 Thallitun TI 81 205 204.37 3.68 3.84 3 0.393 Thorium Th 90 232 232.03 4 0.462 Thulium Tm 69 169 168.93 3 0.475 Tin Sn 50 119 118.69 4.38 4.09 4 0.903 Titanium Ti 22 48 47.90 3.95 4.06 4.14 4 2.238 Tungsten W 74 184 183.85 4.52 4.49 4.38 6 0.874 Uranium U 92 238 238.03 3.27 3.63 4.32 6 0.676 Vanadium V 23 51 50.94 4.12 3.77 4.44 5 2.63 Xenon Xe 54 132 131.30 n 0.204 Ytterbium Yb 70 174 173.04 . Yttrium Y 39 88 88.905 3 0.904 Zinc Zn 30 64 65.37 3.73 3.78 2 0.820 Zirconium Zr 40 94 91.22 4.21 3.82 3.60 4 1.175