======================CIRCUITS_VOLTAGE_GENERATORS============================= ___ Phi | |__||_____________||__________ |___| || | | || | | Voltage _|_ _|_ _|_ _|_ multiplier ^ \ / ^ \ / ___ /_\ _V_ /_\ _V_ ___ _Phi | |__||__|___||__|______|___||__|__|\|__| | |___| || || || |/| |___| ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Voltage Multiplier Circuit 25-Stage 1MOhm Caps .065uF/400WV Diodes 1N4007 400PIV O--+ +--+--+-|(-+--+-|(-+--+-|(-+--+-|(-+--+-|(-+-->1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | ) ( | _|_ | _|_ | _|_ | _|_ | _|_ | ) ( \ /_\ | /_\ | /_\ | /_\ | /_\ | ) ( / | _|_ | _|_ | _|_ | _|_ | _|_ ) ( \ | \_/ | \_/ | \_/ | \_/ | \_/ ) ( / | | | | | | | | | | ) ( | +--+-+ +--+-+ +--+-+ +--+-+ +--+-+ | | | | | | | | O--+ +--+--|(-+----|(-+----|(-+----|(-+----|(-+---->2 | +--------------------------------------------->3 -----------------------ChargePump------------------------- _ 5V | | | | |_| 0V ___ 10V-vbe 1pF |5V |___||_____________||_______________ 20V-4vbe |___| - || + | - || + | 5V-vbe | 10V-3vbe | ___ | | 20V-5vbe |0V |______|\|___|______|\|________|\|__|___|\|__ |___| | |/| |/|=> | |/| |/|=>| _ 5V | 1pF | _|_ | | | |_____________||_____| 10V-2vbe ___ |_| | 0 - || + _|_ 10V-2vbe \\\ _ | | | |_| | 0V ___ 5V-vbe 1pF |0V |___||_____________||_______________ 15V-3vbe |___| - || + | - || + | 5V-vbe | 10V-3vbe | ___ | | 20V-5vbe |5V |______|\|___|______|\|________|\|__|___|\|__ |___| | |/|=> |/| | |/|=> |/| | _ 5V | 1pF | _|_ | | | |_____________||_____| 15V-2vbe ___ | |_| 0 - || + _|_ 10V-2vbe \\\ Vout = 16.5V 1pF/10nSec open Vout = 10.6V 1pF/10nSec 100Kload Rout= 56K Vout = 13.1V 1pF/5nSec 100Kload Rout= 26K Vout = 13.1V 2pF/10nSec 100Kload Rout= 26K R_1pF_10nsec = 10kohms ======================CIRCUITS_CLOCKS============================= 1 MHz Crystal a good starting point for a discussion: CMOS or HCMOS inverter |\ +--| >0---+----> OUT | |/ | | | +--\/\/\--+ | 1 Mohm | | | | \ | / 2.7 kohms | \ | / | | | 1MHz | parallel resonant +---|[]|--+ _|_ _|_ 55pf ___ ___ 60pf _|_ _|_ \ / \ / V V all crystals series and parallel resonances are closely spaced series mode the crystal shows low impedance at resonant on the order of 100 ohms to a few kohms. parallel mode, crystal together with parallel capacitance normally 30 pF, shows a high impedance at resonant 30 pF value is used regardless of the frequency. All crystals have resonances at the odd harmonics, 3, 5, .. above 25 MHz, crystals often made to operate at one of the harmonics. the external circuit must suppress the wrong harmonics Normally crystals specified forparallel resonance mode. rule of thumb for dvalue of the output to crystal resistor should have same impedance as capacitor ope R:= 1/(2*pi*f*C) For a 32 kHz oscillator this resistor becomes 160 kohm. Crystal 32.768KHz CMOS Oscillator Try a Pierce oscillator, 1/6 4049 or equivalent |\ |\ *--| >0---*----| >0---> | |/ | |/ | | |--\/\/\--| | 15M | | \ | / 330K | \ | / |32.768KHz| ----|[]|--- _|_ _|_ ___10pf ___ 39pf (variable) _|_ _|_ \ / \ / V V 1 MHz Crystal a good starting point for a discussion: CMOS or HCMOS inverter |\ +--| >0---+----> OUT | |/ | | | +--\/\/\--+ | 1 Mohm | | | | \ | / 2.7 kohms | \ | / | | | 1MHz | parallel resonant +---|[]|--+ _|_ _|_ 55pf ___ ___ 60pf _|_ _|_ \ / \ / V V all crystals series and parallel resonances are closely spaced series mode the crystal shows low impedance at resonant on the order of 100 ohms to a few kohms. parallel mode, crystal together with parallel capacitance normally 30 pF, shows a high impedance at resonant 30 pF value is used regardless of the frequency. All crystals have resonances at the odd harmonics, 3, 5, .. above 25 MHz, crystals often made to operate at one of the harmonics. the external circuit must suppress the wrong harmonics Normally crystals specified forparallel resonance mode. rule of thumb for dvalue of the output to crystal resistor should have same impedance as capacitor ope R:= 1/(2*pi*f*C) For a 32 kHz oscillator this resistor becomes 160 kohm. ======================CIRCUITS_DIGITAL_NOISE============================= MAGIC FEEDBACK connections for pseudorandom sequences. It two feedback numbers are shown, you XOR (exclusive-or) them together. If four numbers are shown, you xor by pairs and then XOR the two intermediate results. Either hardware or software may be used. __ 86 xor / //_________________________________________ _______/ || | | \ ||_________________________________ | | \_\\ 573 flipflops | | | ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ | ___ | |__|D Q|____|D Q|____|D Q|____|D Q|____|D Q|__|_|D Q|_| | | | | | | | | | | | | _\|C | _\|C | _\|C | _\|C | _\|C | _\|C | | /|___| | /|___| | /|___| | /|___| | /|___| | /|___| |________|________|________|________|________| six stage pseudorandom sequence generator produces 63 sixbit binary numbers in apparently random , yet exactly repeating order STAGES LENGTH FEEDBACK 2 3 1,2 3 7 2,3 4 15 3,4 5 31 3,5 6 63 5,6 7 127 6,7 8 255 4,5,6,8 9 511 5,9 10 1,023 7,10 11 2,047 9,11 12 4,095 6,8,11,12 13 8,191 9,11,12,13 14 16,383 4,8,13,14 15 32,767 14,15 16 65,535 4,13,15,16 17 134,071 14,17 18 262,143 11,18 19 524,287 14,17,18,19 20 1,048,575 17,20 21 2,097,151 19,21 22 4,194,303 21,22 23 8,366,607 16,23 24 16,777,215 17,22,23,24 25 33,554,431 22,25 26 67,108,863 20,24,25,26 27 134,217,727 22,25,26,27 28 268,435,455 25 28 29 536,870,911 27,29 30 1,073,741,823 7,26,29,30 31 2,147,483,647 26,31 ======================COMPONENTS_LAB_TESTS=========================== 10X scope probe scope Zin = 1Meg BNC __________/\ _____________ 1X \/ R 10k | _____ ___||_________ | \ | || 2-20pF | | \______|____/\ ______|______|______ Probe 10X \/ R 9Meg | _|_ \ / gnd V ======================CIRCUITS_EDGE_DETECT====================================== __ ___ |\ ______ | \ Input | |____| \/\_| tau |__| \ ___ Output |___| | | /\/ |______| |AND \__| | | |/ | / |___| |__________________| / |__/ __________ ____ | | | ___| |___________| Input __ __ | | | | ___| |____________________| |___ Output <--> tau =====================COMPONENTS_FERRITE_BEAD=========================== _ _ _ /*\/ \/ \ __ | () () | __ | |__| .65uH |__| | |__| | | |__| |_/\ __| \/ 3ohms Ferrite Bead ________ / \ \ ______/_ \ \_______ ()_______) | |_______) \ / / \_/______/ ======================DATA_ACQUISITION_ACCURACY========================= * Gain_Error * ^ * * \ * * * | * * \ * * * * * |Linearity _ _*_ \ * _ _ _ _ _ _v_ - - - - - - | ^ *_ _-__-_-_-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | v ^ ^ | offset error codeN offset error | _____|__________________________V_________________|____ <---------%_of_max_code----> Total_error_@codeN = Offset_error + Gain_error * %_of_max_code + Linearity_Error_@codeN ======================DATA_ACQUISITION_SAMPLE_HOLD========================= ------------------------------------------------------------- SAMPLE_HOLD Sample Commmand | |<-----> Acquistion Time | | _ |_|_ _ /_\_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Specified Error Band |_|___/___\__--___________________ Final Value |_|_ _|_ _ \/ _ _ _ _ _ _ Specified Error Band | | | | | | <-- cap charging | | / |_|_/_____________________ ^ ^ Switching time delay (Aperture delay) Hold Commmand SAMPLE_HOLD | |<---> Hold mode settle Time | | |_____|__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Specified Error Band | | \ /\ _____________________ Final Value | |_ _\/_ -- _ _ _ _ _ _ Specified Error Band | | | | _ Start Convert Pulse |_____|___| |______________________ ======================CIRCUITS_RC============================================ RC servo controlling RC Servo motors have built in motor, gearbox, position feedback mechanism and controlling electronics. controlled using simple pulse controlling. 3 wire interface for control and power supply. wires are colored using following color code: BLACK Ground WHITE Control pin RED +4.8V power supply (+5V works well in this) pulse is positive going pulse with length of 1 to 2 ms which is repeated about 50-60 times a second. : ____ ____ _+4.8V | | | | | | | | ____| |_____________________________| |____ _GND |<-->| 1..2 ms |<-------------------------------->| 18-25 ms 1 ms pulses sets servo to one end position sending 2 ms pulses sets it to other end position. Sending 1.5 ms pulse sets servo motor to center position ======================CIRCUITS_SWITCH_CAP====================================== -----------------------Switch_Cap_equations ---------------- ___ ___ _| | | |__ ___ ___/\ ___ |___| \ |___| ___ \/ \ _|_ ___ | _|_ \\\ R_eq 1/(freq_clock*C) Ron switche's On resistance BW 1/(2*PI*Ron*C) maximum bandwith of RC aliased Since BW >> freq_clock Alias_numb [ 1/(2*PI*Ron*C) ]/[freq_clock] alias_noise_Power 4*K*T*Ron*d_freq*Alias_numb Ron switching happens twice, add same noise each time. total Power 4*K*T*Ron*d_freq*(1/PI*Ron)*(1/(freq_clock*C)) alias_noise_Power 4*K*T*d_freq*(1/PI)*(R_eq) 1pole Low pass 2.46 dB more noise than defined by 3dB bandwidth meas_noise_Power 4*K*T*d_freq*(R_eq)*(1.34/PI) ... close